英国上诉法庭移民与庇护庭在2025年11月17日发出的UK and R (on the application of Munir) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2026] UKUT 81 (IAC)，是英国司法系统正面回应生成式AI进入法律实务的一份标志性裁判。

(原文见：https://websitedc.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/Munir_v._SSHD_UK_17_November_2025.pdf)

判决中最具争议的部分，应该是法庭判决书上第21段写的这句话：

“21. We also observe that to put client letters and decision letters from the Home Office into an open source AI tool, such as ChatGPT, is to place this information on the internet in the public domain, and thus to breach client confidentiality and waive legal privilege, and thus any regulated legal professional or firm that does so would, in addition to needing to bring this to the attention of their regulator, be advised to consult with the Information Commissioner’s Office. Closed source AI tools which do not place information in the public domain, such as Microsoft Copilot, are available for tasks such as summarising without these risks.” 

翻译： 21. 我们也注意到，将来自内政部的客户来信和决定函提交给诸如 ChatGPT 等开源人工智能工具，相当于将这些信息置于互联网上的公共领域，从而违反客户保密义务并放弃法律特权。因此，任何受监管的法律专业人士或律所若这样做，除了需要将此事告知其监管机构外，也应咨询信息专员办公室（ICO）。对于不将信息置于公共领域的封闭式人工智能工具，例如 Microsoft Copilot，可用于摘要等任务，而不会产生上述风险。

也即，该判决认为把机密文件上传到像ChatGPT这样的开源AI工具 （备注： 此处的‘开源’不等于Linux等‘开源程序’的意思），等同于把信息放上互联网公共领域，从而违反客户保密义务并放弃法律保密特权。

对法律职业而言，这种警告有重要的现实意义：律师不应把客户文件直接输入通用AI工具。

作者翻查OpenAI在help.openai.com上做了以下声明：

“One of the most useful and promising features of AI models is that they can improve over time. We continuously improve our models through research breakthroughs as well as exposure to real-world problems and data. When you allow your content to be used to train our models, it helps our models become more accurate and better at solving your specific problems and it also helps improve their general capabilities and safety. ChatGPT, for instance, improves by further training on the conversations people have with it, unless you opt out.” 

翻译：人工智能模型最有用、最具前景的特性之一，就是它们能够随着时间不断改进。我们通过研究上的突破，以及接触真实世界的问题和数据，持续提升我们的模型。当你允许使用你的内容来训练我们的模型时，它能帮助模型变得更精准、更擅长解决你的特定问题，同时也有助于提升模型的整体能力与安全性。例如，ChatGPT 会通过对人们与它的对话进行进一步训练来改进，除非你选择退出。

（至于如何 ‘选择推出’， 看见： help.openai.com/en/articles/7730893-data-controls-faq。）

由此可见，上传至通用AI确实可能会带来机密材料被AI训练、保留和处理等风险，从而导致法律特权 (legal privilege) 的丧失，因此必须审慎看待。

简而言之，Munir案提醒法律界：起码暂时在英国，上传保密材料至通用AI行为可以推定为进入公共领域。在英国，甚至其他普通法法域可能会导致法律特权的丧失。当然这样的论断恐怕仍需在今后的案件中进一步检验。